Effects Of Rock And Classical Music On The Heart Rate Of...

Introduction Knowing how music affects heart rate can allow athletes to choose the correct music to make them more motivated and energized during their training sessions enhancing their performance and improving their competitive results; in addition knowledge of what genre of music could decrease their performance and times is equally important (Roth, 2013). It is important to know if the music has the ability soothe ill patients in hospitals as it may reduce their heart rate to in turn reduce their stress and discomfort levels (Edelson, n.d.). Knowing how music affects heart rate will allow people who suffer from stress, anxiety and/or disorders such as insomnia (abnormal inability to get enough sleep) to slow down their heart rate to relax and go to sleep easier and faster (Barnett, n.d.) The aim of this project is to determine the effects that rock and classical music have on the heart rate of grade 11 girls. Rock music will speed up the heart rate while classical music will slow down the heart rate of grade 11 girls. Literature Review Heading: Source 1 Title of article: Influence of Music on Heart Rate Variability and Comfort – A Consideration through Comparison of Music and Noise Reference: Umemura, M. Honda, K. (1998) Influence of Music on Heart Rate Variability and Comfort – A Consideration through Comparison of Music and Noise. J. Human Ergol. 27 (1, 2). p.30-38 Six university students (5 males and 1 female) between the ages of 21 and 36 yearsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Music Industry30024 Words   |  121 PagesMusic may be defined romantically as `the food of love (Shakespeare) or more prosaically as `sound with particular characteristics (Wikipedia), but it is undeniably a `vibrant artform (Arts Council England) and one which touches more people, in more ways, than any other art form. 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Helping At-Risk Teenagers Essay - 1605 Words

Some of the best ways to prepare American Teens to become successful adults is within the walls of their own homes and communities. Parents are the primary role models and first teachers to their children; communities help fill in the gaps when parents can’t be there. The reality that must be confronted is that childhood does not last forever. Adolescence is not a process that has a predetermined end date, nor is it a guarantee in this culture that if left to their own devices, teenagers will learn the values and skills they will need to become responsible adults. It is parents who set boundaries; give of their love, time and encouragement. Although teenagers will make their own choices, a good home life can increase the odds that†¦show more content†¦Teachers, church leaders, bosses, coaches and even strangers have an impact on a child’s life. By being positive role models, they influence children in positive ways. In fact, they can replace negative influences from an irresponsible parent. These community role models often reach children on different levels of trust because they are seen as friends. A high school student raised in a single parent home in an impoverished community statistically has a low chance of succeeding in life. This however can be changed by a network of adult figures in the community willing to take the time to mentor the child. Communities and parents are one of the many ways that teens can become successful adults. There are multiple solutions to this problem. We have discussed only a few in this paper. Others could be self-motivation or a diligent effort in developing a particular skill. There are multiple solutions to the problem because there are multiple causes. If just one of these causes can be eliminated, then the chances dramatically increase for the There is no one way of having a teen succeeds. Human beings are designed to overcome adversity and improve themselves; they just need to be pointed in the right direction. At risk youth can be described as following: youth who are headed towards becoming non self-supporting adults, headed for a life in institutions for delinquency, crime, mental illness, addiction, and dependency. (Stephens) It is problemShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Is A Big Problem958 Words   |  4 Pagesborn is outrages; teenagers are throwing their life away, by creating a new one who may suffer from the lack of parenting that they may provide. Am not saying that all teen parents are bad at parenting, some are great at it and give their all to their children but some will rather still party it up, still save the most they can from their teenager years. With that they like to go out and party it up, they will go out and drink all night long if they want, meanwhile the teenager parent are home talkingRead MoreEssay Perscription Drug Abuse among Teenagers1064 Words   |  5 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse among Teenagers ( 12-17 Years) Prescription Drugs are medications that are prescribed to patients by a doctor to help in many ways, such as relieve pain, treat symptoms of a disease, or to help fight an infection. They are very safe when used properly and under supervision of a physician, yet if used without approval of a doctor they can be very harmful and in some cases could lead to death. During your adolescence years, teens have curiosity which builds up andRead MoreSolving Teenage Pregnancy Is Help Find Shelters907 Words   |  4 Pagesdoctors who are willing to work with teenagers with lower-incomes or provide lower cost for treatment for teenagers in foster care. By doing this, the teenagers who are in foster care that are two and half times more likely to become pregnant would benefit and would be less likely to become pregnant. The shelter could also provide a means of helping pay for the cost of contraception and how they could be obtained. Foster parents or those who help with the teenagers i n foster care could offer adviceRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Effects On The United States951 Words   |  4 PagesMcKinnon, Rains, 2001). Only a third of teen mothers graduate from high school. Eight out of ten unmarried teen moms wind up on welfare. The children of teen moms do less well in school and are at a higher risk of neglect and abuse than children born to women age twenty and older (Bissell, 2000). Helping Hand group will be focusing on teenage mothers, ages fourteen to nineteen. 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Teenage pregnancy affects a large number of females in the United States, and Alabama has one of the highest rates. There are specific factors that make the youth of Alabama more vulnerable. The citizens of Alabama need to join together and be knowledgeable about why our youth is at such a high risk and how it can be changed. There is always a way to make a difference and the nurses in this communityRead MoreReasons for Adolescent Suicide Attempts1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe present text reports situations when an adolescent is at risk of suicide. Some of these situations are parts of depression, social pressure, drug abuse, and family difficulties. All of these factors make an adolescent feel overwhelmed and confused. There are many events that an adolescent goes through before taking their lives. Finding rates of suicide vary in males and females because the males use more fatal methods than females. 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Strategic Management In Non Governmental Organizations †Samples

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management In Non Governmental Organizations. Answer: Background: The earlier decades have seen a model development in the quantity of universal Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), which have additionally developed as far as size and reach. NGOs have been an achievement in the majority of the underdeveloped and developing nations. These organizations have been very needy upon voluntary human support and money related assets and have supported in the improvement of the countries by using millions for the welfare of the group. Nonetheless, the expansion in the size and elements of these organizations has expanded the complexities, which request an appropriate orderly administration. This has offered ascend to the need of vital administration in NGOs so as to deal with the finance and the partners related with the organizations. Creating procedures to position the NGOs has turned into a confounded undertaking and has undermined the development and survival of these organizations (Brown, 2014). With a specific end goal to upgrade the learning of the vital patterns in the literature and to discover the gaps in the writing, this report shall offer a systematic literature review on strategic administration in NGOs. The accompanying areas might incorporate the goals, research questions, and significant discoveries of writing audit, strategic topics and the proposition of a future research motivation. Methodology: The real concentration of the literature review is Non-Governmental Organizations that assist powerless people by furnishing them with human and money related administrations, which are primarily overseen by volunteers. Restriction of space has resulted in the exclusion of religious organizations, proficient organizations, intergovernmental organizations, group based organizations and treaty based worldwide organizations. Also, the researcher has avoided environmental NGOs, administration NGOs, human rights NGOs and peace NGOs. The exploration has focused upon articles identified with vital administration in non-governmental organizations and the issues engaged with them. The articles have been chosen from the year 2013 till date utilizing Google Scholar. The search results brought about more than 100 articles on strategic administration in non- governmental organizations out of which 25 articles have been decided for the examination reason. The accompanying are a couple of imperative perspectives on which the examination has been based: Relationship of Non- governmental organizations with their contributors Relationship of the Non- governmental organizations with the Governments Non- governmental organizations coordination Non- governmental organizations responsibility Strategic effect of Non- governmental organizations Objective: The real target of the deliberate writing survey is to blend the data accessible in regards to the issues and significance of strategic administration in Non-governmental organizations. The report underscores upon the purposes for the fast development of Non-governmental organizations and the rising need of vital administration for the correct administration of the authoritative exercises. Audit Question: The precise writing audit is led keeping in mind the end goal to discover a response to the accompanying inquiries: What are the issues identified with vital administration looked by Non-governmental organizations? Why are the ramifications of vital administration imperative in Non-governmental organizations? What is the connection between authoritative execution and strategic administration? Strategic management in Non-governmental organizations: As indicated by Worth (2013),strategic management alludes to the improvement and execution of the targets and objectives and the means taken by the best administration of an association for the benefit of the proprietors while considering the accessible assets and the inward and outside conditions. Strategic administration gives an appropriate course to an association as per the authoritative goals. The authoritative supervisors are regularly engaged with creating models that should aid the vital basic leadership. Strategic arranging frequently includes natural examination, situation arranging, measuring and controlling execution and last assessment. Galaskiewicz (2016) expressed that there have been a few changes in the working of NGOs in the previous couple of years, which offer ascent to the significance of strategic administration in Non- governmental organizations. The adjustments in the worldwide governmental issues, new advancements, mechanical improvement and globalization, shortage of regular assets, changes in the atmosphere and the cultural and social changes have been the most vital elements that have offered ascend to the significance of strategic administration in Non-governmental organizations. The third division contains non-government and not-revenue driven organizations. The NGOs confront a few issues as absence of assets, absence of help from the contributors, insufficient corporate help, absence of polished methodology in the administration of NGOs and long haul supportability. Vital administration gives answer for every one of the issues looked by the NGOs. Keeping in mind the end goal to scale up the operati ons of NGOs, it is important to actualize strategic administration structure inside the organizations. Relationship of Non-governmental organizations with their contributors: The literature predominantly underscores upon the relationship of the Non-administrative organizations with the givers, who give assets to the Non-governmental organizations. A few specialists have contended that there has dependably been an unequal connection between the contributors and the Non-governmental organizations. As indicated by Renz (2016), non- governmental organizations and benefactors are reliant on each other. The NGOs require monetary capital while the benefactors are required to be perceived as successful in the appropriation of assets. This is conceivable just when they guarantee that they support effective organizations. The Non-governmental organizations have confronted a few issues in the past as far as worldwide governmental issues nonetheless; the NGOs have built up their organizations with the universal worldwide foundations, for example, World Trade Organization and the World Bank. The World Trade Organization has inspired the NGOs to take dynamic support in its policymaking procedure and during the time spent settling question with the prime thought process of securing the under- developed and developing nations. Despite what might be expected, as per Bryce (2017), the energy of the NGOs have been constrained while impacting World Trade Organization. Be that as it may, in the previous couple of years, the affecting energy of the NGOs has developed and they affect the legislatures and the worldwide foundations. Then again, as indicated by Butler and Wilson (2015), regardless of expansion, the Non-governmental organizations have restricted forces to affect the financial approaches of World Bank. However later on, the authorities at World Bank had empowered the administration borrowers by tolerating Non-governmental organizations as their improvement accomplices. The literature notices the importance of the contributors in the development and advancement of NGOs. As per Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014), the contributors give the NGOs the fundamental finance required to survive. Since the NGOs are not associated with any benefit making business, accordingly, they are totally needy upon contributors and volunteers. The neediness of the developing and under developed nations, alongside the disappointments of the residents with the legislatures prompted the development of NGOs. The NGOs have been engaged with a few exercises, for example, defending nature, society and human rights. They assume a vital part in the advancement and change of the social orders and the groups. Every one of these variables prompted the extension and development of the Non-governmental organizations. Relationship of Non-governmental organizations with the Governments: As indicated by Felcio, Gonalves and da Conceio Gonalves (2013), with the fast development and advancement of the Non-governmental organizations over the globe, the NGOs have been engaged with expansive scale exercises because of which their organizations with the administrations have turned into an imperative perspective. The NGOs frequently need to manage the political weight in a few nations with tyrant run the show. The NGOs frequently challenge the approaches of the Governments for the welfare of the general public particularly the poor areas of the general public with a specific end goal to defend their rights. The NGOs typically accentuate upon human rights, correspondence and ecological issues. In actuality, as indicated by Maier, Meyer and Steinbereithner (2016), the NGOs have been effective in setting up collective organizations with the administrations in a few countries. West (2014) specified that the NGOs confront gigantic worldwide weight in the Middle East for political change. The Non-governmental organizations have adjusted distinctive sorts of techniques while managing the legislatures of various nations. The significant procedures connected by the NGOs include cooptation, complimentary, collaboration, and encounter. The NGOs can impact the administrations in a superior way by winding up better organized and agent. Berman (2015) specified the routes in which NGOs can set up sound organizations with the legislatures and all the while guarantee their centre esteems. The literature notices the issues looked by the Non- governmental organizations because of the administration control and confinements. The legislature forces a few limitations over the exercises of the NGOs with a specific end goal to keep up their energy and position. Be that as it may, these limitations can be decreased or killed by building up organizations between the Non- governmental organizations and the legislatures. Non-administrative organizations coordination: As per Akingbola (2013), there has been constrained research led on NGO coordination in any case; suitable accentuation has been laid upon the coordination of the exercises and operations. The requirement for NGO coordination has expanded particularly in instances of universal alleviation operations. NGO coordination is to a great degree valuable in the midst of crises. The assistance and help of the NGOs amid the season of crises is extremely valuable. In any case, there are a few coordination issues among the NGOs and furthermore between the NGOs and the legislatures, which are seen amid times of crises. Then again, Almog-Bar and Schmid (2014) expressed that strategic administration is fundamental for upgrading the NGO coordination. Legitimate correspondence and mix are the strategic components of NGO coordination. The NGOs are required to investigate their adequacy at general interims. It is important to underline after getting dependable staff with specific information. The HR in NGOs are the most imperative resources who are constantly prepared to help. Non-administrative organizations responsibility: The developing power of the Non- governmental organizations regularly challenge the acts of political powers that includes open feedback, operational controls, scrutinizing the authenticity of the Non-governmental organizations and inquiries on the responsibility of the Non-governmental organizations. Malatesta and Smith (2014) have specified a few systems for enhancing the responsibility of the Non- governmental organizations. The few weaknesses as far as responsibility of NGOs include giving more prominent need to the contributors and lesser need to the recipients, underscoring more upon control than joint effort, unlikely objectives and falling prey to immense expenses. As per Wheelen and Hunger (2017), authenticity of Non- governmental organizations is needy upon their adequacy in creating methodologies for the advancement of a country or state. Accordingly, global NGOs must be responsible to the groups in the state or country where they execute their systems and projects. On the off chance that the Non-governmental organizations go for accomplishing their objectives and mission, they should be more responsible for their activities of bringing changes. Then again, Peppers and Rogers (2016) said that the requirement for NGO responsibility has been seen every which way with the thought process of enhancing the operations and exercises of the NGOs. The far reaching ways to deal with accountability of NGOs have not yet risen. In any case, the NGO responsibility is required to enable them to manage political assaults, upgrade their execution, fulfill the partners and give benchmarks that guarantee accomplishment of the destinations and objectives. Summary: Reasons for the development of NGOs: Assistance to the people in terms of monetary and human support Failure of the Government in assisting people Increase in the globalization Increase in the worldwide governmental issues Cultural and social changes Need forstrategic management in NGOs: Increase in the size of the organizations Increase in the complexities of the functions and activities Increasing relationships of the NGOs with the stakeholders Conclusion The expansion in the complexities of the outside condition of the Non-governmental organizations has expanded the need of vital administration inside the organizations. The NGOs have been engaged with a few exercises, for example, protecting nature, society and human rights. They assume a vital part in the advancement and change of the social orders and the groups. The adjustments in the worldwide governmental issues, new innovations, modern advancement and globalization, shortage of characteristic assets, changes in the atmosphere and the social and social changes have been the most critical variables that have offered ascend to the significance of strategic administration in Non-governmental organizations. The NGO supervisors need better expository devices for distinguishing and understanding the complexities. The strategic administration devices help in dealing with the relationship of the NGOs with the benefactors and governments alongside upgrading the responsibility and coordin ation. Execution of strategic administration devices causes the NGOs to enhance their general execution. Be that as it may, there is still absence of adequate research and writing on the execution of strategic administration apparatuses for enhancing the execution of the Non-governmental organizations. References: Akingbola, K. (2013). A model of strategic nonprofithuman resource management. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 24(1), 214-240. Almog-Bar, M., Schmid, H. (2014). Advocacy activities of nonprofit human service organizations: A critical review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 11-35. Berman, E. (2015). Performance and productivity in public and nonprofit organizations. Routledge. Brown, W. A. (2014). Strategicmanagement in nonprofit organizations. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Bryce, H. J. (2017). Financial and strategic management for nonprofit organizations. Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG. Butler, R., Wilson, D. C. (2015). Managing voluntary and non-profit organizations: Strategy and structure. Routledge. Felcio, J. A., Gonalves, H. M., da Conceio Gonalves, V. (2013). Social value and organizational performance in non-profit social organizations: Social entrepreneurship, leadership, and socioeconomic context effects. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 2139-2146. Galaskiewicz, J. (2016). Social organization of an urban grants economy: A study of business philanthropy and nonprofit organizations. Elsevier. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014). Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Maier, F., Meyer, M., Steinbereithner, M. (2016). Nonprofit organizations becoming business-like: A systematic review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 45(1), 64-86. Malatesta, D., Smith, C. R. (2014). Lessons from resource dependence theory for contemporary public and nonprofit management. Public Administration Review, 74(1), 14-25. Peppers, D., Rogers, M. (2016). Managing Customer Experience and Relationships: A Strategic Framework. John Wiley Sons. Renz, D. O. (2016). The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management. John Wiley Sons. West, J., Salter, A., Vanhaverbeke, W., Chesbrough, H. (2014). Open innovation: The next decade. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2017). Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Worth, M. J. (2013). Nonprofit management: Principles and practice. Sage.

The Transformation of Collective Security Essay Example

The Transformation of Collective Security Essay Security is primarily an issue of a nations relations with other states or a group of states. This relationship among states which feel threatened by each other is exposed to the security dilemma. 6 It is generally argued that the security of nations cannot be defined in general terms, nor can it be determined objectively. 7 Definitions depend on states perception about threats and safety. Therefore, on security no precise definition has ever been achieved and probably never will be. 8 There appears to be almost a studied vagueness about the precise definition of terms such as security. This complexity is also related to the problem of which areas of life are the subject of security. In this regard, theoretical debate occurs between two views of security approach to security, the traditionalists, it is argued that identifying security issues is easy as they equate security with military issues and the use of force. 10 Traditionalists also strongly oppose the widening of security stud ies, as by such logic, issues like pollution, disease, child abuse or economic 5 Till, pop. Cit. , in note 1, p. 96. We will write a custom essay sample on The Transformation of Collective Security specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Transformation of Collective Security specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Transformation of Collective Security specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The security dilemma refers to the notion that a states efforts to increase its security by threatening another state, which then responds with steps to increase its own security, paradoxically erodes the first states security. See C. A. Checkup, The Case for Collective Security, in Downs, G. W. (De), Collective Security beyond the Cold War, ( USA: University of Michigan Press, 1994), up. 41-69. 7 A. V. Sausage, The Security of Western Europe, (London: Sherwood Press, 1985), p. 2. 8 C. Then, Problems of Transition in J. Alfred et al, Europe in Western Alliance, (London: MacMillan Press, 1988), p. 7. 9 G. Edwards and B. Burrows, The Defense of Western Europe , (Norfolk: Butterscotch, 1982), p. 91. 10 B. Abuzz et al, Security , A New Framework for Analysis, , ( London: Lonely Runnier pub. 1998), p. 3. 6 3 recessions could be viewed as threats to security. Here we see that the traditionalist view regards only military and political subjects as the focus of studies in the security field. Yet, this approach has entered an impasse and led to increasing dissatisfaction in explaining the events taking place in the international arena later on. As pointed out by one of the proponents of the wider approach, this dissatisfaction was stimulated first by the rise of the economic and environmental agendas in international relations during the sass and the sass and later by the rise of concerns with identity issues and transnational crime during the sass. 11 Today it is obvious that this narrow definition does not fully cover the parameters of the new security environment in the aftermath of the end of the Cold War. With the end of the Cold War and the break-up of the Soviet Union, the political and intellectual climate has changed. Studies in this regard have articulated very different views about how to define the concept of security. The narrow definition of security tends to focus on material capabilities and the use of military force by states. This, however, contrasts with the distinctions among military, political, economic, social, and environmental security threats. 12 Thus, with this transforming understanding of what security means today, the advocates of the wider approach concentrate on discussing the dynamics of security in five sectors, that is, military, political, economic, environmental and societal. This methodological framework also seems to better serve distinguishing security issues as hard and soft. 14 Faced with such a unavoidable due to the different analytical perspectives on the issue. Yet, in view of the presence of security risks of different natures, it is, at least from the practical point of view, a fact that security at present should be regarded as not merely, or even mainly, a matter 11 Ibid. , p. 2. P. J. Austenite (De), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in Word Politics , (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), up. -9. 13 See the introduction in Suzan, pop. It. , up. 1-21. 14 Generally speaking, security issues requiring military options and relating to defense are considered hard ones whereas others that require non-military measures such as conflict prevention are regarded as soft. But this distinction today appears to be less relevant in view of events and experience in world affairs. See for details M. T. Clare and D. C. Thomas (De) , World Security, ( New York: SST. Martins Press, 1991). 12 of military policy, but of broader economic and political policies. For threats to security are not necessarily of a military nature, but they might derive from various there reasons. In view of the above, one can draw two main conclusions. Irrespective of which subjects are to be considered in dealing with the security concept, it seems evident that security is about preservation of the existence of states. And, in this preservation effort, the military component is always present even if as a last resort. Similarly, threat perception and the nature of such perceived threats are important in determining whether and how the perceived threat should be viewed as a matter of security. This brings us to the concept of collective security. Here, similar to the conceptual problem in defining security, a precise definition of collective security mains elusive. Not only do definitions differ,which is bound to happen in public debate and scholarly discourse, but also some directly contradict each other. 18 In simple terms, collective security is related to efforts by a group of states to act together in order to better preserve their own security. The term has been used to describe everything from loose alliance systems to any period of history in which wars do not take place. This wide Serialization, in the words of Suzan, means a process by which the issue in question is presented as an existential threat, requiring emergency measures and justifying actions outside the normal bonds of political procedure. See Suzan, pop. Cit. , up. 23-24. 16 Ibid. , p. 24. 17 J. C. Garnett, Introduction: Conflict and Security in the new world order, in M. J. Davis, (De), Security Issues in the Post-Cold War, (I-J: Edward Legal Pub. Ltd, 1996), p. 10. 18 G. W. Downs, Beyond the Debate on Collective Security, in Downs, G. W. De), Collective Security beyond the Cold War, ( USA: University of Michigan Press, 1994), up. 1-17. Spectrum is also due to the nature of security threats. States ally to increase their security against perceived threats. 19 In any particular balance of power system, there are usually groups of states that share to some extent an assessment of those threats. States face two kinds of threats in general. 20 The first is usually the reason for which stat es Join their forces in the first place, I. E. An external threat from a potential aggressor who is not part of the group. The second threat is of a more insidious but often Just as dangerous nature, namely, an internal threat from a member of the group itself that betrays its friends and uses force against them. The first form of collective security is best illustrated by the alliance system. An alliance functions as a collective body that defends its members from security threats directed from outside. Thus it includes the concept of collective defense as well. Moreover, although an alliance is focused on external threats, the security is collective for its members. On the other hand, the best illustration of security arrangements countering internal threats coming from members of a collective security body is the security community. 21 Collective security rests on the notion of one for all and all for one. Here, the question of why states come together for collective security can be argued is clear enough. It is because they share the same threat perceptions against which they think they will be better-off if they act together. Yet, the question of how they perceive the same threat is not that clear. This brings us to the issue of identity-building. Identification is considered a social concept. 22 The process of identity formation is of a kind that develops within a social unit. Any identification requires a distinction Just as any 19 See K. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, ( Reading: Addison Wesley, 1979) and also S. Walt, The Origins of Alliance , ( Ithaca: Cornel, 1987) 20 See for details S. Weber, Does NATO have a future 7, in Crawford, B. (De), The Future 21 This concept was first introduced by Van Wagner, and later in 1957 developed by Karl Deutsche with theoretical arguments . For the views of Dutch, see particularly E. Adler, Rupees New Security Order: A Pluralistic Security Community, and P. W. Schultz, Competing for European Security: The SEC, NATO and the European Community in a Changing International Environment, both in Crawford, B. (De), The Future of European Security, (Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, 1992). 22 A. N. Hurdles, Bravura Kim ¤inn LOL#lam eve Tark Gimlet in Atilt Realer (De) Trisky eve Bravura, (Ankara: image Active, 1997) p. 18. 6 distinction necessitates some identification 23 . This brings us to the self/other dichotomy. The self is identified in relation to its position visa- ¤-visa the other 24 . In other words, all identities exist only with their otherness. Without the other, the self actually cannot know either itself or the world because meaning is created in discourse where consciousness meets. 25 Identification is of an exclusionary nature for the non-identified. In other words, in the identification of a group of people as a community, this unit is externalities of or disassociated from the values, myths, symbols, attitudes and mores of those (non-identified) with whom the unit does not identify itself. 6 It is also argued that the existence or the perception of threats from the other inevitably strengthens the identity of the self. 27 The formation of the self is inextricably intertwined with the formation of its others and a failure to regard the others in their own right must necessarily have repercussions for the formation of the self. 28 Identity is the key element of a cognitive regi on. Shared self-definitions create internalized norms that allow people from different countries to know each other better and thus respond more effectively to the common concerns. What constitutes the basis for collective security arrangements is therefore the mutual responsiveness developed out of answers to the questions of who I am and who the other is. In other words, it is the collective identity, which lays the ground for a sound collective security. The importance of identities can thus be summarized as follows: common identities help to establish a security whose existence, I. E. Elective security, proves that members share common identities. A. N. Hurdles, International Relations and the Philosophy of History: a Civilization Approach, ( London: MacMillan, forthcoming), p. 105. 24 K. Krause, Critical Theory and Security Studies, Cooperation and Conflict, Volvo (33)3, 1998, p. 312.. 25 Hurdles, pop. Cit. , in note 22, p. 107. 27 Hurdles, , pop. Cit. , in note 21, p. 21 . 28 Neumann, pop. Cit. , p. 35. 7 In view of the foregoing, one can easily understand that collective identities and shared values as well as shared understandings as regards threat perceptions are of significant importance for the creation of a workable collective security arrangement. The identity issue entered into International Relations full fledged with the critical theories, such as constructivism. However, mainstream approaches 29 also acknowledge identity. But, how it differs from the constructivist approach is that it presumes to know priori what the self-being is defined as. The state as a unit is assumed to have a single identity, across time and space whereas constructivism assumes that the selves, or identities, of states are variable, they likely depend on historical, cultural, political and social context 30 . Accordingly, as regards the object of security, the constructivist approach questions how the object of security is constructed according to threat perceptions. Here, the argument that discourses of threat are constitutive of the object to be secured relates to the question of how such threats are identified. In view of the foregoing, one can see that constructivism helps better explain collective security formations that are constitutive of collective identities. Thus, sound collective security arrangements are forms of collective identity that exclude each other on the basis of their distinctiveness. Here, it can be argued that those security regimes could not establish a collective identity against a common threat. In other words, the selves in hose organizations did not come together against a common other. In the Cold War era, the other was the East for the West and vice versa, although members of both Blocs remained in the same global security regime, the I-JNI. Therefore, their stay in the UN was not due to the creation of a common identity but due to a felt need. IMPACT OF THE POST-COLD WAR The post-Cold War has had a considerable impact on this state of affairs. The end of the Cold War, which for almost half a century had been the symbol of division in Europe, was marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall on October 3rd 1989. The fall of the Berlin wall meant also the collapse of the ideological walls which had divided Europe for so many years. The end of the Cold War even raised questions regarding the necessity of NATO as military alliances normally dissolve once their common enemy has been defeated. However, , 31 See for details, particularly A. Bennett, and J. Leopold, Reinventing Collective Security After the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly, Volume 18, Issue 2, 1993. 32 Ibid. With the rise of non-conventional and asymmetric security threats this was proven not to be the case 33 . What is new in this sense is the effect of globalization on these threats. Today, in a world where things have increasingly become more transnational and interdependent, owing to the effects of globalization, any incident in a country or in region, be it a terrorist act or an ethnic conflict, poses threats to other areas due to the domino effect. As a corollary to this, threats that transcend borders happen to affect security more rapidly, more severely in an ever-expanding magnitude with spill-over effects. These threats inevitably necessitate collective responses as they affect almost all states in one way or another. In such an environment, Europe in particular and the world in general have dinettes several hot conflicts and wars in Just one decade in the post-Cold War era, which amounts to more than occurred in the whole course of the Cold War years. The European continent, which had been free from wars since the end of World War II, once again became a continent of conflict and death with a wars that erupted in its very midst, like in the territories of the former Yugoslavia or in its vicinity, or like the Caucasus or elsewhere like in the Middle East, I. E. The Gulf war. In view of this, one can argue that the basic premises of mainstream scholarship, such as anarchical setting, power politics based on national interests, etc. , are still present in the world affairs. True, mainstream scholarship failed to anticipate the end of the Cold War. But, the world order, which has replaced the Cold War era, still proves the validity of mainstream scholarship. States act in pursuit of preservation of their interests and of protection of their 33 Asymmetric threat is defined as a threat that can cause harm in bigger magnitude than its size. Such threats vary from international terrorism, ethnic conflicts and religious fundamentalism through organized crime, drug trafficking, and proliferation f weapons of mass destruction to mass migrations, environmental disasters, poverty etc. See Irked, S. , 11 Elll 2001: Terrorizing Yen Milady, Strategic Animal, Sally 18, Skim 2001. Asymmetric threat is also defined as a threat that does not follow the rules of fair warfare including surprise attacks, as well as warfare with weapons used in an unconventional manner. See www. Rand. Org/news links/terrorism. .NET. 10 security in the face of both conventional and non-conventional security threats. However, the main question here is how they gather support from other states for such policies and how legitimacy is attained for them. In fact, the turnaround effects of such security threats help states gather the support of like-minded states and act collectively to protect their security against such threats. Collective security arrangements have been seriously proposed after every large- scale war, such as the Napoleonic Wars, World War l, and World War II. The end of the Cold War followed the same path both in academic and state circles. In this regard, naturally the I-IN, being the only global organization for collective security, has been called upon several times. In the post-Cold War era, the UN Security Council has adopted a series of resolutions availing itself of the right to humanitarian through a number of experiences as witnessed in various wars and fights such as that of the Gulf, Bosnia and Somalia. 4 Despite this gradual progress in fulfilling its task of collective security, the UN faced a deadlock during the Spooks crisis in 1999. Due to Russia and Chinas objection to a military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the UN could not reach a decision authorizing the formation of a military force with the Security Council mandate and this implicitly left it up to NATO to take the responsibility . In light of these one can see that even in the post-Cold War era the UN system has maintained the inertia it derives from its organizational set-up. This can be attributed to the following: In the post-Cold War era, although one of the Blocs disappeared, it was evident that at least the old leader of the East , I. E. Russia on the one hand and the USA together with the rest of the Western Bloc on the other, continued to regard each other as other. This was because they have not been able create a collective identity (self), as they could not define a common threat (other) either. See for details C. Gaucherie, International Law and the War in Spooks, Survival, , Volume 41, No: 2, Summer 1999. POST-SEPTEMBER 11 ERA The world that embarked on a new millennium with these important shifts in international affairs in general and in the collective security field in particular, was unable to avoid the tragedy of September 1 lath. The terrorist attacks of September 1 1 have changed many, if not all, parameters in world affairs, and has important repercussions for security in a variety of ways and the approach to collective security is no exception to this. In the wake of the terrorist attacks, NATO allies lined up Enid the US and in an unprecedented display of support and solidarity they invoked, on 12 September 2001, Article 5 of the Washington Treaty of the Alliance, the core clause of collective defense, for the first time in the history of the Alliance. 35 This decision seems to have constituted a dramatic shift in the conceptualization of what forms hard and soft security issues. First, it was bitterly confirmed that terrorism is one of the most dangerous non-conventional asymmetric security threats. Similarly, it was also confirmed that terrorists can easily access weapons of ass destruction. More importantly, with the invocation of Article 5 and the military operation directed against the al-Qaeda terrorist network and its sanctuary the Taliban regime, it has become clear that the fight against terrorism, which was always regarded as a matter of soft security, would also require hard security measures, including military ones, in the post-September 1 1 era. In this context, one can argue that the September 11 terrorist attacks have provided a conducive atmosphere for the creation of a new other, I. E. Common enemy. This was